ABSTRACT Diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by bacterial, virus, or protozoan, and dengue is caused by virus, included among the neglected diseases in several underdeveloped and developing countries, with an urgent demand for new drugs. Considering the antidiarrheal potential of species of Maytenus genus, a phytochemical investigation followed by antibacterial activity test with extracts of branches and heartwood and bark of roots from Maytenus gonoclada were conducted. Moreover, due the frequency of isolation of lupeol from Maytenus genus the antiviral activity against Dengue virus and cytotoxicity of lupeol and its complex with β-cyclodextrins were also tested. The results indicated the bioactivity of ethyl acetate extract from branches and ethanol extract from heartwood of roots of M. gonoclada against diarrheagenic bacteria. The lupeol showed potent activity against Dengue virus and low cytotoxicity in LLC-MK2 cells, but its complex with β-cyclodextrin was inactive. Considering the importance of novel and selective antiviral drug candidates the results seem to be promising.

Foi proposta a determinação de ácidos graxos (FA) no fígado de ratos Wistar de três grupos diferentes (seis ratos por grupo) submetidos à dieta (AIN-93G) utilizando a técnica de eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE). Cada grupo recebeu a mesma dieta, sendo o óleo de soja a fração lipídica da dieta (7% m/m). O primeiro grupo foi alimentado com ração contendo óleo de soja fresco, o segundo foi alimentado com a dieta cuja fração lipídica foi óleo de soja utilizado durante 7 dias em processo de fritura por imersão e, finalmente, o terceiro grupo foi alimentado com dieta cuja fração lipídica foi óleo de soja utilizado durante 15 dias em processo de fritura. Após 45 dias consumindo essas dietas, os ratos foram submetidos à eutanásia e o teor de FA no fígado foi monitorado por CZE de uma forma simples, rápida e eficiente. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o método oficial por cromatografia à gás e não foram observadas diferenças significativas no intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os eletroferogramas para análise de FA foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais (PCA), sendo possível discriminar o grupo final dos grupos intermediários e controle. Além dos resultados da PCA, a lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), foi avaliada, indicando que o tempo de exposição total de óleo submetido a processos de fritura profunda pode ser considerado relevante para a avaliação da qualidade do óleo.

The determination of fatty acids (FA) in liver from three different groups of Wistar rats (six rats by group) submitted to diet (AIN-93G) by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was proposed. Each group received the same diet. However, the soybean oil used to prepare the feed, whose amount was 7% w/w, had different origins. The first group was fed with feed containing soybean oil fresh; the second one was fed with soybean used during 7 days in deep frying process; finally, the third was fed with soybean used during 15 days in deep frying process. After 45 days the rats were submitted to euthanasia and the FA amount in liver was successful monitored by CZE in a simple, fast and efficient way. The results obtained were compared to gas chromatography official method and no significant differences were observed within 95% confidence interval. The electropherograms to FA analysis were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) being possible to discriminate the final from the control and intermediate groups. In addition to PCA results, the low density lipoprotein (LDL) was evaluated indicating that the total time exposure of the oil submitted to deep frying processes can be considered relevant to evaluating the oil quality.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a composição das águas de chuva da cidade de Araraquara, Brasil, uma região influenciada pela queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Variáveis químicas e mineralógicas foram analisadas em águas de chuva coletadas durante o período de safra, período seco de 2009 e entressafra, período úmido de 2010. Ca2+ e NH4+ foram responsáveis por 55% dos cátions e NO3- por 45% dos ânions presentes nas águas de chuva. Al, Fe e K foram os elementos traço mais abundantes nas frações solúvel e insolúvel. Elevada concentração média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) foi observada para a maioria das espécies analisadas em amostras do período de safra, principalmente devido às atividades agrícolas e condições meteorológicas. A química das águas de chuva de Araraquara e a análise de componentes principais (ACP) indicaram que fontes naturais e antrópicas, principalmente as relacionadas às atividades agrícolas, são responsáveis pelas emissões para a atmosfera.

The purpose of this study was to assess the composition of the rainwater in Araraquara City, Brazil, a region strongly influenced by pre-harvest burning of sugar cane crops. Chemical and mineralogical variables were measured in rainwater collected during the harvest, dry period of 2009 and the non-harvest, wet period of 2010. Ca2+ and NH4+ were responsible for 55% of cations and NO3- for 45% of anions in rainwater. Al and Fe along with K were the most abundant among trace elements in both soluble and insoluble fractions. High volume weighted mean concentration (VWM) for most of the analyzed species were observed in the harvest, dry period, mainly due to agricultural activities and meteorological conditions. The chemistry of the Araraquara rainwater and principal component analysis (PCA) quantification clearly indicate the concurrence of a diversity of sources from natural to anthropogenic especially related to agricultural activities.